Richard I, known as the Lionheart, ruled England from 1189 to 1199 but spent much of his reign on crusade, in captivity or defending his French territories. He won major victories against Saladin during the Third Crusade but failed to recover Jerusalem.
Captured while returning home, Richard was held for an enormous ransom. He later fought Philip II in France and died from a wound received while besieging a minor castle. Richard I of England was born in Beaumont Palace and died in Châlus.
In John Man’s Saladin, the Third Crusade brought Saladin into conflict with Richard I of England and helped create the image of two chivalrous opponents that later tradition often preferred to the harsher realities of war. In G. A. Henty’s Winning His Spurs, Historical figures including Richard I of England and Saladin connect the fictional action directly to the documented events. Additional non-fiction treatment of Richard I of England comes from Gareth Russell’s A History of the English Monarchy, Peter Ackroyd’s Foundation, John Gillingham and Frank Barlow’s Richard I, Thomas Asbridge’s Richard I (Penguin Monarchs), and Hourly History’s Richard the Lionheart.