Julius Caesar was a Roman general, politician and writer whose conquest of Gaul gave him wealth, prestige and a loyal army. When his political enemies threatened prosecution, he crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC and defeated Pompey and the senatorial coalition in civil war. Caesar accumulated exceptional offices and was appointed dictator perpetually, introducing reforms but alarming senators who feared monarchy. A conspiracy led by Brutus and Cassius assassinated him in 44 BC.
Colleen McCullough’s Masters of Rome series and Conn Iggulden’s Emperor novels offer expansive fictional accounts of Caesar’s rise, campaigns and death. He also dominates countless novels about Cleopatra, Cicero and the end of the republic. Fiction often celebrates military genius and personal magnetism, but his career also involved mass violence in Gaul and the deliberate destruction of republican constraints.