Battle of Munda, 45 BCE

At Munda in southern Hispania, Julius Caesar faced an army led by Gnaeus and Sextus Pompeius together with Titus Labienus. The battle was hard fought and ended in a decisive Caesarian victory in March 45 BCE.

Labienus was killed and organised Pompeian resistance was greatly reduced, allowing Caesar to return to Rome as undisputed dictator. The victory did not resolve the constitutional opposition that culminated in his assassination the following year.

Caesar’s General uses Munda as part of the sequence through which Antony witnesses Caesar’s triumph, growing authority and increasingly dangerous separation from Republican norms.