John became king of England in 1199 after the death of Richard I. He lost Normandy and most other French possessions, quarrelled with Pope Innocent III and imposed heavy financial demands in attempts to recover territory.
Rebellion by English barons forced him to seal Magna Carta in 1215, but both sides soon repudiated the settlement and resumed war. John died in 1216 while campaigning, leaving the nine-year-old Henry III to inherit a divided kingdom. John, King of England was born in Beaumont Palace and died in Newark Castle.
Sharon Kay Penman’s A King’s Ransom shows Prince John exploiting Richard I’s captivity, offering political and financial support for keeping his brother imprisoned while Eleanor of Aquitaine works to preserve the Angevin realm. In Penman’s Here Be Dragons, John is both king and father-in-law to Joanna, and his campaigns against Llywelyn ap Iorwerth turn her divided family loyalties into a central political problem. Shakespeare’s King John makes the king’s disputed legitimacy, the fate of Arthur of Brittany and French intervention the engines of the drama. Richard Woodman’s Guardian of the Realm follows John through Magna Carta, the First Barons’ War and his death, leaving William Marshal to secure the throne for Henry III. Nicholas Vincent’s John (Penguin Monarchs) examines the historical king directly, weighing his loss of Normandy, quarrel with the Church, coercive government and role in the crisis that produced Magna Carta.