Philip II ruled France from 1180 to 1223 and greatly expanded Capetian power at the expense of the Angevin kings. He joined Richard I on the Third Crusade but returned early and later exploited Richard’s captivity and King John’s weakness.
Philip conquered Normandy and other continental territories and defeated a major coalition at Bouvines in 1214. His reign transformed the French monarchy from a limited royal domain into the dominant power of the kingdom. Philip II of France was born in Paris and died in Mantes-la-Jolie.
In Sharon Kay Penman’s A King’s Ransom, Returning from the Third Crusade, Richard I is forced onto an overland route and captured by Leopold V of Austria. He is transferred to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who demands an enormous ransom while Philip II of France and Richard’s brother John offer political and financial incentives to keep him imprisoned. In Ben Kane’s Crusader, Ferdia accompanies him through France and Italy to Sicily, where disputes with local rulers and with Philip II of France delay the expedition before the army sails east. Philip II of France is treated fictionally in Sharon Kay Penman’s Devil’s Brood, Ben Kane’s Lionheart, Sharon Kay Penman’s Prince of Darkness, Richard Cullen’s Rebellion, and Bernard Knight’s The Elixir of Death.