France in the later Middle Ages was shaped by the Hundred Years’ War, civil conflict, plague and the gradual recovery of royal authority. The monarchy expanded taxation, administration and a permanent army, while powerful princes, cities, clergy and regional communities retained substantial influence.
By the later fifteenth century the Valois kings had reduced English possessions and were confronting the territorial power of Burgundy. Paris remained a centre of royal government, learning, religion and commerce, but its streets also contained guilds, courts, beggars, students and migrant communities living under sharply unequal law.
Victor Hugo’s Notre-Dame de Paris reconstructs Paris in 1482 through the cathedral, royal justice and the city’s marginal communities. Walter Scott’s Quentin Durward uses the court of Louis XI and the rivalry with Burgundy. Together these novels show late medieval France as a setting of centralising monarchy, urban spectacle, religious authority and contested social order.