1367–c. 1400
Richard II became king of England in 1377 at the age of ten and faced the Peasants’ Revolt four years later. His reign developed a highly ceremonial court and an increasingly personal style of kingship, while conflict with leading nobles culminated in the Merciless Parliament.
Richard later took revenge, exiled Henry Bolingbroke and seized the Lancastrian inheritance. Bolingbroke returned in 1399, deposed him and became Henry IV. Richard died in captivity. Richard II was born in Bordeaux, Duchy of Aquitaine and died in Pontefract Castle, Kingdom of England.
Juliet Barker’s England, Arise places the fourteen-year-old Richard II face to face with the rebels of 1381, making his handling of Wat Tyler and the London crisis a central test of an adolescent monarchy. Shakespeare’s Richard II dramatises the later collapse of his kingship, from conflict with the nobility to Bolingbroke’s return and deposition of the king. A. W. Boardman’s Hotspur follows the Percy family through the political consequences of Richard’s fall and Henry IV’s seizure of power. Dan Jones’s Henry V shows how the deposition shaped the childhood and legitimacy problems inherited by the next Lancastrian generation. Laura Ashe’s Richard II (Penguin Monarchs) reassesses Richard’s personality, political ideas and failures without reducing his reign to the inevitability of deposition.