Alexander I ruled Russia from 1801 to 1825 and was one of the central monarchs of the Napoleonic era. His reign began with cautious reform but became dominated by war with France, the invasion of Russia in 1812 and the coalition campaigns that ended with the occupation of Paris.
Alexander played a major role at the Congress of Vienna and promoted the Holy Alliance, although his later government became increasingly conservative and suspicious of political opposition. Alexander I of Russia was born in Saint Petersburg and died in Taganrog.
Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace places Alexander I within the real political and military world surrounding Austerlitz, the 1812 invasion and Russia’s resistance to Napoleon. C. S. Forester’s Commodore Hornblower brings Hornblower into diplomatic contact with Tsar Alexander as Britain tries to draw Russia and Sweden more firmly against France. Richard Woodman’s Baltic Mission and Julian Stockwin’s Thunderer show British naval operations shaped by Russia’s position in the Napoleonic struggle, while Adam Zamoyski’s 1812 reconstructs the invasion, the loss of Moscow and the collapse of Napoleon’s army that transformed Alexander from threatened monarch into one of the rulers who would determine the European settlement.