Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) was a Scottish writer and physician, born in Edinburgh and educated in medicine at the University of Edinburgh. While studying there he was strongly influenced by the surgeon Dr Joseph Bell, whose remarkable powers of observation and deduction later helped inspire the character of Sherlock Holmes. Doyle worked as a ship’s doctor before establishing a medical practice in Southsea, but the growing success of his fiction eventually enabled him to become a full-time writer. Beyond literature, he took a keen interest in public affairs, campaigned against miscarriages of justice, wrote about the Boer War and the First World War, and was knighted in 1902. In his later years he became an increasingly committed advocate of spiritualism, lecturing and writing extensively on the subject.
Conan Doyle is best remembered as the creator of Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson, whose adventures comprise four novels — A Study in Scarlet, The Sign of Four, The Hound of the Baskervilles and The Valley of Fear — and fifty-six short stories. His writing, however, extended far beyond detective fiction. He regarded his historical fiction particularly highly, producing novels such as Micah Clarke, The White Company, The Great Shadow, The Refugees, Rodney Stone and Sir Nigel, while his Brigadier Gerard stories drew on the Napoleonic Wars. He also created Professor Challenger, most famously in The Lost World, and wrote adventure stories, plays, poetry, histories of contemporary wars, essays and numerous works on spiritualism and other public questions.