Books
Phase
Liberation of Spain & Invasion of France
1813–1814 CE
The final phase of the Peninsular War in 1813–1814 drove French armies out of most of Spain and carried Wellington’s allied forces across the Pyrenees. Victory at Vitoria in June 1813 shattered Joseph Bonaparte’s position, while later operations reduced remaining French strongholds and secured the northern frontier.
The campaign continued into south-western France through battles on the Nivelle and Nive, at Orthez and finally Toulouse in April 1814. It completed the reversal of the French conquest of Iberia and tied down forces that Napoleon badly needed as the other coalition armies invaded France from the east.
