Nicholas II succeeded Alexander III in 1894 as emperor of Russia. His reign included the Russo-Japanese War, the Revolution of 1905, limited constitutional reform and Russia’s disastrous involvement in World War I.
He abdicated in March 1917 after military and political authority collapsed. His reign encompassed industrialisation, political repression and reform, the 1905 Revolution, World War I and the collapse of the Romanov monarchy.
M. J. Carter’s The Three Emperors is a comparative biography of George V of Britain, Nicholas II of Russia and Wilhelm II of Germany, first cousins whose family ties connected the courts governing three major European empires. Simon Sebag Montefiore’s The Romanovs traces the dynasty that ruled Russia from the accession of Michael Romanov in 1613 to the fall of Nicholas II and the murder of the imperial family in 1918. Further fictional perspectives on Nicholas II of Russia can be found in Barbara Hambly’s Blood Maidens. For broader historical treatment of Nicholas II of Russia, see Sir Max Hastings’ Catastrophe, Hourly History’s Russian Revolution, Hourly History’s Russo-Japanese War, and Christopher Clark’s The Sleepwalkers.