Alexander VI, born Rodrigo Borgia, was pope from 1492 until 1503. A skilled administrator and politician, he also became notorious for nepotism, openly advancing his children Cesare and Lucrezia and using papal power to strengthen the Borgia family during the Italian Wars. His pontificate included artistic patronage, diplomatic manoeuvring and attempts to control central Italy, but later polemic turned the Borgia court into a symbol of Renaissance corruption and sexual scandal.
The Borgia pope is a major figure in historical novels about Renaissance Italy. Mario Puzo’s The Family portrays Alexander and his children as a dynastic clan using the papacy as an instrument of power, while Sarah Dunant’s Blood & Beauty and In the Name of the Family give a more nuanced account of Borgia politics and family loyalties. Fiction often exaggerates the darkest rumours, so modern treatments frequently distinguish documented ambition from stories created by hostile contemporaries.