c. 524–c. 459 BCE
Themistocles was an Athenian statesman and strategist who promoted the naval power that proved decisive during the Persian invasion. He persuaded Athens to use silver revenue to build a fleet and helped direct the Greek victory at Salamis in 480 BC. After the war political rivalry led to his ostracism, and later accusations of treason forced him into exile. He ultimately entered Persian service and governed Magnesia under the king he had once resisted.
Themistocles appears throughout Christian Cameron’s Long War series and in many novels about Marathon and Salamis. Fiction often contrasts his brilliance, ambition and adaptability with the moral reputation of Aristides. His final service to Persia creates a complex ending that resists a simple patriotic hero narrative.
In non-fiction, Themistocles is discussed in Plutarch’s The Rise and Fall of Athens. In Plutarch’s The Rise and Fall of Athens, this Plutarch collection gives biographical sources for Athens from legendary Theseus through Solon, Themistocles, Aristides, Cimon, Pericles, Nicias, Alcibiades and Lysander.