Late Imperial Russia under Alexander III and Nicholas II

Late Imperial Russia under Alexander III and Nicholas II was the final phase of the Russian Empire before revolution ended Romanov rule. Alexander III became emperor after the assassination of Alexander II in 1881 and rejected further constitutional reform. His government strengthened autocracy, expanded censorship and promoted Russification while railways, factories and urban growth transformed the economy.

Nicholas II inherited the throne in 1894 and faced mounting pressure from workers, peasants, national minorities and political movements. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War helped trigger the Revolution of 1905 and the creation of the Duma, but the monarchy resisted a full parliamentary settlement. Court politics became increasingly associated with Empress Alexandra and Grigori Rasputin, while social inequality and distrust of government deepened.

World War I exposed military, administrative and economic weakness. In February 1917 strikes and mutiny forced Nicholas to abdicate, ending more than three centuries of Romanov rule.