Meiji Restoration and Satsuma Rebellion

The Meiji Restoration of 1868 transferred political authority from the Tokugawa shogunate to a new government acting in the name of the young Emperor Meiji. Leaders from Satsuma, Chōshū and other domains dismantled the old domain system, created national institutions and pursued military, industrial and educational reform.

These changes ended hereditary samurai privileges and required former warriors to adapt to a conscript army, salaried bureaucracy and changing social order. Saigō Takamori, initially one of the Restoration’s leading figures, broke with the government and became the symbolic leader of the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877.

The rebellion ended with the defeat of Satsuma forces and Saigō’s death, confirming the authority of the central state.