Dick Turpin was an English criminal whose career included deer stealing, burglary, horse theft and highway robbery. Born in Essex in 1705, he became associated with the Essex Gang and later operated under assumed names. After fleeing to Yorkshire as John Palmer, he was exposed through a letter recognised by a former schoolmaster and convicted chiefly for horse theft rather than the legendary rides attached to his name.
Turpin was hanged at York on 7 April 1739. Nineteenth-century novels, penny publications and stage works transformed him into a gallant highwayman, especially through the invented ride to York on the mare Black Bess. Historical fiction therefore works with two figures: the documented violent criminal and the later popular hero whose wit, horsemanship and defiance became more famous than the surviving evidence.