Book
The Opium Wars
Book 10 in the History of China series.
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The Opium Wars recount the conflicts through which Britain and other Western powers forced Qing China to expand foreign trade and diplomatic access. It explains the opium economy, Lin Zexu’s suppression campaign and the naval and technological imbalance exposed in the First Opium War.
The book follows the Treaty of Nanjing, the opening of treaty ports and the renewed conflict of the 1850s that ended with foreign troops in Beijing. It shows how the wars damaged Qing sovereignty and became central to later Chinese memories of imperial humiliation.
