Ming–Qing Transition

The transition began as Nurhaci and Hong Taiji built a Manchu state beyond the Great Wall and challenged the exhausted Ming dynasty. Fiscal crisis, peasant rebellion and frontier war weakened the Ming government while European firearms specialists and Jesuit advisers became involved in its defence.

In 1644 Li Zicheng captured Beijing, the Chongzhen Emperor died and the Ming general Wu Sangui admitted Dorgon’s Qing army through Shanhai Pass. The Qing occupied the capital but continued fighting Southern Ming courts, loyalist armies and regional resistance for nearly two decades.

Robert Elegant’s Manchu places a fictional European artilleryman within this upheaval.