Communist Romania and the Romanian Revolution

Romania became a communist republic in 1947 and developed into a one-party state supported by censorship, political imprisonment and extensive secret-police surveillance. Nicolae Ceaușescu became party leader in 1965 and built an increasingly personal dictatorship that demanded public conformity while restricting contact with the outside world.

During the 1980s, debt repayment policies produced severe shortages of food, heating and electricity even as official propaganda celebrated the regime. The Securitate recruited large networks of informers, fostering mistrust within families, schools and workplaces.

Protests that began in Timișoara in December 1989 spread into a national uprising. The army abandoned Ceaușescu, the dictatorship collapsed and the ruler and his wife were executed after a summary trial.