Book
Livonian War
Book 4 in the Wars in European History series.
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The Livonian War examines the conflict begun by Ivan IV’s invasion of Livonia in 1558. It follows the collapse of the Livonian Confederation and the intervention of Poland-Lithuania, Sweden and Denmark in a prolonged struggle for Baltic territory and trade.
The book traces shifting alliances, sieges and the growing internal strain on Muscovy, including the effects of the oprichnina and Crimean attacks. Russia’s eventual defeat blocked its access to the Baltic and strengthened rival powers, even though the regional contest remained unresolved.
